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CROQUET; 



ITS 



Principles and Bules. 



BY 

PEOF. A. EOTEE. 



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Copyright secured, 1877. 



PEEFACE. ^^'^1 



In the absence of any universally recognized 
authority, it is essential that each croquet ground 
be governed by some code of rules to which ev- 
ery question arising on that ground may be re- 
ferred for settlement. 

The rules known as Prof. Kover's laws, were 
compiled ten years ago by a committee of expert 
croquet players, and thoroughly tested by long 
continued use before publication, the position 
taken being far in advance of the condition of 
the game at that time, either in this or any for- 
eign country. This book was the first to sug- 
gest the entire abolition of the Booby and Flinch. 
It was the urgent advocate of the universal use 
of the Roquet-croquet, at a time when the most 
popular authors desired to restrict its use to the 
Rover. ' The Laius of Croquet adopted at the gen- 
eral conference of Croquet Clubs " in England, 
now goes to the other extreme and requires the 
exclusive use of the Loose Croquet, forbidding 
the use of the foot in the croquet. It also intro- 
duces rules regarding the " ball in hand," both of 
which innovations restrict the variety and scien- 
tific combinations of the game, and do not seem 
to be adapted to the tastes of American players. 
With these exceptions, this English authority sub- 
stantially agrees with our rules, and hence the 
universal adoption of the latter seems to be the 
most direct and readiest way to unify the meth- 
ods of play which are now almost unlimited in 
variety, causing great annoyance to all players 
desiring to be governed by any established rules, 
as all should invariably be. 



OEOQTJET, 



The game of croquet is the most scientific, 
healthful and social recreation ever known. 

Old and young meet on its arena on more 
nearly equal terms than in any other game of 
skill. 

A correct eye, steady hands and nerves, good 
judgment and clear brain, are the essential qual- 
ifications for a good player, and the possession of 
these advantages, of course^, is not dependent 
upon the age, sex or condition of the person. 

And it may perhaps be considered as the chief 
excellence of this game, that it gives this oppor- 
tunity, which very few other games combining 
scientific play and physical exercise aftbrd, for 
persons of the opposite sexes and disparity of 
age to join in one common amusement. It should 
be a matter of congratulation to all to see the 
universal popularity of any such healthful open 
air sport in this country. 

In preparing " Croquet, its Principles and Rules,'* 
it has been the endeavor of the author to explain 
the general principles of the game, and to pre- 
sent a code of rules simple, concise, and shorn as 
far as possible of technicalities of expression, but 
comprehensive enoiigh to include all points nec- 
essary to a thorough understanding of the game. 

Regarding the size, style or quality of the ma- 
terial, there is very little restriction. There is 
no restriction as to the size, shape or material of 
a mallet, nor as to the manner of holdiiig it or 
using it, provided the ball is struck with the face 
of the mallet head. 




CROQUET. 



In each individual game, the balls must be of 
substantially a uniform size, but in various games 
there is no established size for the balls, the gen- 
eral tendency in this country being to a ball too 
large for scientific play. On a ground with turf 
surface, a comparatively light material is prefer- 
able for the balls, such as maple wood, but on a 
smooth ground, free from grass, a much heavier 
material is suitable. Among the numerous vio- 
lations of all rules preyalent throughout the 
country, a few are so general as to call for spe- 
cial mention here. An extra stroke is often al- 
lowed for making two steps at ope blow, which 
practice is not sustained by any authority. The 
only authorized premium for two steps at one 
blow, is the right to take position up to one mal- 
let's length in any direction. Many claim that a 
player can not croquet the same ball twice be- 
tween two consecutive steps, even though it be 
not in the same tour. This is sustained by no 
authority. In each tour or turn, every ball on 
the ground may be croqueted, otherwise the play 
of a rover would speedily terminate. Alivays 
play to the left in the course around the ground, 
i. e., after making the second bridge go to the 
left, and not to the right. It of course is imma- 
terial which way is adopted, if some one way is 
universal, but as all other games play round to the 
left, i. e., with the sun, croquet should not be an 
exception, and is not. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OP THE GAME. 

Two players being designated as chiefs, the 
privilege of first choice for sides is conveniently 
decided by each placing a ball under the first 
bridge and striking for the starting post, the one 
driving his ball the nearest the post, winning. 



CKOQUET. 



The chief, having first choice for sides, plays first, 
in the first game, and thereafter the first play al- 
ternates between the two chiefs, the other play- 
ers following according to the order of the colors 
on the post and the corresponding colors on their 
balls. Eight persons may play, but a game of 
four is much more interesting, while six may be 
tolerated. If the number of players is three, 
five, or seven, each plays for himself, or one 
player may play two balls, each in its proper turn. 
If two play, each may have one ball, and a third 
ball may be placed, at the commencement of the 
game, in the center of the ground, to be after- 
wards used simply to play on by both players. 
This is preferable to the use of two balls by each 
player. The object of the game is to drive all 
the balls through all the bridges in the directions 
indicated by the dotted lines on the diagram, and 
to hit the two posts. The side, all of whose 
members succeed in performing this feat first, 
wins the game. Now, although this is the ulti- 
mate object, yet the croquet and roquet-croquet are 
the most important operations in the accomplish- 
ment of the desired result. A player having 
struck his own ball against another ball, may take 
np his own (the playing ball), and placing it be- 
side of and in contact with the other (the second- 
ary ball) and placing his foot firmly on his ball 
strike it, so that the concussion will drive the 
secondary ball away.- The roquet-croquet is exe- 
cuted in the same way, except that the foot is not 
placed on the playing ball, but both are free to 
move in obedience to the blow of the mallet. 
The latter is susceptible of much greater variety 
and science in playing than the former, as by 
skillful placing and striking, the balls may be 
made to diverge in any forward direction. 



CROQUET. 



In commencing a game, the first cliief places 
liis ball on the ground one-third the distance from 
the starting post to the first bridge, and attempts 
to drive it through the bridge, and succeeding iu 
that, attempts the second, and so on, his continu- 
ance of play being secured by success in each 
attempt. AVhen the first player fails to run the 
bridge in order, the next player follows, and in 
addition to running the bridges, he has the priv- 
ilege of roquet on the first ball already on the 
ground, securing which the consequent croquet 
will aid him in making still further progress. 
When a player has won all the bridges, he be- 
comes what is called in the teclmical language of 
the game, a rover, which simply means that he 
has run all the bridges and has not struck out. 
An expert player often avoids running the last 
bridge, or perhaps the last two bridges, if he is 
considerably ahead of his partner, in order to 
avoid the possibility of being struck out by an 
adversary. Towards the end of the game, when 
several have become rovers, and others are nearly 
round, the excitement becomes intense. 

TUE DIAGRAMS. 

The following diagrams show two settings of 
the bridges : 

No. 1 is the simplest, and the figures give the 
relative distances, which must be varied to suit 
the ground available. 

No. 2 is the Star diagram, adapted to a shorter 
ground. If the length of the ground will admit, 
the center line of bridges may be arranged as in 
No. 1, leaving the side bridges out of line as in 
No. 2, thus securing the best possible arrange- 
ment of bridges, combining the advantages of 
several other settings. 



















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STARTING 11 POST. 

No. 2. 



RULES OF THE GAME. 



Section I. 



STRIKING THE BALL. 

1. At tlie commencement of the game the ball 
slionld be placed on a line drawn from the start- 
ing-post to tbe center of the first bridge, and at a 
distance from the starting-post, equal to one-third 
the distance from the post to the bridge. 

Note. — The rule usually given, i. e., to place the ball 
a mallet's length from the post is very M^ell for a large 
ground where the distance from post to bridge is nine 
or ten feet, but for a small ground it brings the ball too 
near the first bridge. 

2. The ball must he struck and not pushed — a 
push never being allowable under any circum- 
stances ; and the blow must be given with the 
face — never with the side — of the mallet head. 

Note. — A ball can never get into such a position on 
a croquet-ground that it cannot be struck in some 
direction, and if it is in a bad position it is either the 
fault or the misfortune of the player owning the ball 
which he is not to be "allowed to rectify by a push, 
for that would sometimes be rewarding bad play. 
(See Appendix, A.) 

3. Whenever the mallet hits the ball, if it moves 
it however slightly, it must be considered a stroke. 

4. The player may if he wholly miss his ball, 
strike at it again. 



10 OKDER OE PLAYING. 

5. If on commencing a tour of play, the play- 
ing ball is in contact with another ball, the player 
has the same privileges of his stroke, and subse- 
quent play, exactly as he would have had if 
the balls had been separated one-half inch or 
more. 

6. The game is opened by the chief holding 
the ball corresponding in color with the top of 
the post, and the players on the two sides follow 
alternately according to the order of the colors on 
the posts. 

7. If any ball is played out of its proper turn 
and discovered before the play of another ball has 
commenced, the misplayed ball may be returned 
to its original place, or permitted to remain in 
that to which it has rolled, at the option ot the 
chief of the opposing side. But if the mistake is 
discovered before the player has finished his turn 
and the misplay be allowed, the misplayer shall 
be permitted to finish his turn. If the chief does 
not permit the misplay, the misplayed ball shall 
be returned to its original place, and any dam- 
ages sustained or advantages gained by either 
side shall be canceled. If the misplay is not dis- 
covered before the play of another ball com- 
mences, or is allowed, the misplayer cannot use 
his next turn as he has anticipated it. 



CROQUET. 



11 



8. If a player use a wi'ong ball, all tlie balls 
moved by such play must be returned to their 
former position, and the misplayer lose his turn. 



Sectiorx II. 
RUNNING A BRIDGE. 

1. The bridges must be passed through in their 
regular order in the direction of the course. 
(This is called running a bridge.) 

Note. — A ball runs a bridge when it passes through 
it in order and course, by a direct blow, by roquet, 
roquet-croquet, croquet or concussion. Hence, for a 
player to drive his ball through a bridge out of its 
regular order, or from the wrong side counts no more 
than to pass over any other part of the field. 

2. A player continues to play as long as he 
makes a point in the game. 

KOTE. — Making a point is running one or more 
bridges, striking the turning-post in order, or perform- 
ing iho roquet, except on a ball the second time in one 
tour without making an intervening step. 



f 



8, A ball is not through its bridge when the 
handle of the mallet laid across the two piers of 
the bridge upon the side from whence the ball 
came, touches the ball without moving the bridge. 



12 RUNNING THE BRIDGES. 

4. A roquet that constitutes a point (note, p. 11) 
gives to the player the right to croquet every ball 
roqueted, and afterwards to continue play ; but 
no other privilege, even though the roquet and one 
or more bridges are made at the same stroke. 

5. If a player makes two steps at one stroke, 
he may take position one mallet's length or less, 
in any direction from where the ball rested. 

6. If a player makes three steps at one stroke, 
he may take position as above up to two mallet 
lengths or less. 

7. A ball passing under its bridge in the wrong 
direction is not in position to run the bridge until 
it has passed clear through according to the fore- 
going rule. 

8. A ball lying under a bridge is not in posi- 
tion for that bridge if it has been so placed by the 
hand for the purpose of croquet or roquet-croquet, 
no matter from what position it may have been 
taken. 

9. Tolling the turning post is in all respects 
equivalent to running a bridge, but the post may 
be tolled from any quarter. 



Section III. 
STRIKING OUT. 

1. A ball, after it has run all the bridges, may 
hit the starting-post either by a blow from its 
owner's mallet, by roquet, roquet-croquet, croquet 



CROQUET. 13 



or concussion, and is tlien a dead hall, and must 
be immediately removed from the field. 

2. A player wtio having run all the bridges 
strikes the starting post, is out of the game, his 
turn is omitted, and the play goes on as before. 
If, instead of striking the post, he continues to 
play, he is called a rover. 

3. If the roquet-croquet fe allowed to all 
players alike, the rover is governed entirely by 
the same laws as other players. 

Note. — Therefore, a rover having completed the 
grand round, and having no other steps to malie (ex- 
cept stepping out, when of course his play ceases) can 
only acquire the right to continuance of play hy the 
roquet. He may (after roquet upon it) croquet or 
roquet-croquet each ball once only during a tour. 
Roquet upon a ball the second time during a tour 
does not entitle him to a continuance of play. 

4. When all the balls on one side have made 
the grand round and hit the starting-post, that 
side has won the game. 



Section IV. 
ROQUET. 

1. A ball roquets another when it comes in 
contact with it by a direct blow of the mallet, or 
rebounds upon it after the blow, from any fixed 
obstacle of the ground or from another ball. 

2. A ball having roqueted another ball, is at 



14 ROQUET. 



liberty to croquet or roquet-croquet it or proceed 
on its round ; providing that the playing ball has 
not already in tliat tour roqueted that same ball 
since making a step on the round. 

3. A ball may roquet another ball twice be- 
tween two consecutive steps, but the second ro- 
quet does not entitle the player to a continuance 
of play. 

4. Any player in his turn is at liberty at any 
time to make roquet on any ball on the ground. 

5. A ball having made roquet and declined the 
croquet, may continue its play either from the 
position to which it has rolled after the roquet, 
or from the side of the roqueted ball. 

6. If a ball roquet another and thereby gain 
the privilege of croquet, and afterwards, at the 
same blow, run a bridge ; it may croquet the ro- 
queted ball, then proceed to roquet it again, then 
croquet again and proceed on its round ; or waiv- 
ing either or both croquets, or the last roquet and 
croquet, may proceed on its round. 

Note. — Thus supposing the playing ball roquets a 
ball that it has not roqueted since making a step, and 
afterwards at the same blow runs a bridge; it of course 
has a right to croquet the roqueted ball ; then as that 
roquet was made before the playing ball run its bridge 
there is no reason why it cannot again roquet and cro- 
quet the same ball. But had the playing haW first run 
a bridge and afterwards at the same blow roqueted a 



CROQUET. 



15 



ball then it can hare but one croquet according to 
Rule 2, Sec. IV. 

7. The continuance of play is gained by virtue 
of the roquet, and not of the croquet. The cro- 
quet is merely a privilege consequent upon the 
roquet. Therefore, to waive a croquet does not 
terminate the play. This principle once fixed in 
the mind will avoid much confusion in under- 
standing and interpreting the rules. (See Ap- 
pendix, B.) 



Section V. 
THE CROQUET AND ROQUET-CROQUET. 

1. A player may croquet or roquet-croquet any 
number of balls consecutively ; but he can cro- 
quet or roquet-croquet only those balls on which 
he has made roquet, and roquet on the same ball 
the second time in one tour without an interven- 
ing step does not entitle the player to a croquet. 

2. If a player in the act of croqueting does 
not separate the balls, he is at liberty to take the 
stroke over again. 

3. If a player in executing the roquet-croquet 
does not move the croqueted ball from its posi- 
tion, his tour of play ceases, unless by the same 
stroke he makes a point. 



IQ ROQUET-CEO QUET. 



Note. — If it is in dispute whether or not the ball 
has been moved as above required, the question shall 
be decided by the umpire if there be one, if not, by 
the chief of the side opposing the player. 

4. If a ball is croqueted either through its own 
bridge or upon the turning or starting-post wben 
in order, a point so made holds good. 

5. In making ricochet the player is at liberty to 
croquet either a part or all of the balls roqueted ; 
but the order of croquet must be that of the 
ricochet, — the player, however, has only one 
additional stroke, and not one for each ball he 
has roqueted. 

6. If a ball when croqueted or driven through 
its own bridge in its course roll back through 
or under the bridge, it has not run that bridge. 
(See Appendix, C.) 

7. The laws that govern Croquet all apply to 
Koquet-Croquet, except as to points for which 
special rules are herein given. 

8. If a ball flinch in the execution of the Cro- 
quet, it is considered as merely a Roquet- Croquet, 
and subject to the same laws. In this case, of 
course, any point made or advantage gained by 
either ball holds good. 



CROQUET. 17 



Section. "VZ, 
DISPLACED BALLS. 

1. A ball accidentally displaced must be re- 
turned, by the chief of the side opposed to the 
person displacing it, to the place where it was ly- 
ing, before the play proceeds. 

2. If a ball be hit off the ground it is to be 
placed at once, and before the play proceeds, 
twelve inches within the limit of the boundary 
and at a point nearest to where it stopped, which 
of course causes the ball to be brought in square 
with the boundary. 

3. If a ball in its progress over the ground be 
interrupted by the person or mallet of an enemy, 
or by a person not in the game, the ball may be 
placed by the chief of the side owning the ball, 
in such position as he may judge it would have 
rested had it not been interrupted in its progress. 
If interrupted by the person or mallet of a friend 
the ball may be placed by the chief of the op- 
posing side in such position as he may judge it 
would have rested. 

4. A person not taking part in the game, 
should never he within the hounds of a croquet 
ground when a game is in progress. 



18 SUGGESTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 



SUGGESTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

Keep your temper and remember when your 
turn comes. 

Accustom yourself to be guided strictly ac- 
cording to established rules as far as you are 
informed on the subject. 

Id making a stroke, grasp your mallet firmly, 
strike squarely, and after getting your aim look 
rather at your mark, than at the ball when giving 
the blow. 

If the enemy have an expert rover, it is gen- 
erally advisable to use every effort to strike him 
out. 

As an offset to this method of play it is often 
advisable to neglect to make the last bridge till 
near the close of the game, as in this way you can 
venture as near the starting post as you please, 
without the fear of being deaded. 

The ladies will very much oblige all their asso- 
ciates in croquet by avoiding long dresses, which 
are continually dragging the balls about over the 
ground, greatly to the annoyance of the players 
and disturbance of the game. 

To the gentleman we would say it is no proof 
of skill in executing the croquet, to swing your 
mallet with both hands and give a blow hard 
enough to kill an ox. If you want to do that 
sort of thing, it would be more agreeable to all 
concerned for you to go off alone somewhere, and 
split wood. 

In executing the roquet-croquet the stroke 



SUGGESTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 19 

may be varied so as to produce three very differ- 
ent results. First, if it is desirable to have the 
secondary ball go much further than your own, 
strike a sharp, quick blow proportioned in force 
to the distance you wish your own ball to go, check- 
ing the force the instant the mallet hits the ball. 
Secondly, if you wish to send both balls along 
together, strike a more sweeping blow (not a 
push) permitting the mallet to have its full 
swing. The difference in these two blows is 
much more easily discovered by the player than 
described with the pen. 

The third stroke may partake of the nature of 
either of the above, but differs in the fact that 
the blow of the mallet is not delivered in a line 
with the centers of the two balls, but partially to 
one side of the rear ball, thus producing the 
splitting stroke, i. c, sending the two balls in 
courses diverging from each other. This is much 
the most difficult stroke of the three. 

It is not the hard blows that tell on a croquet 
field. As much may often be gained by keeping 
the balls of your own side together, as by dis- 
persing those of the enemy. 

A clear brain, correct eye, and steady nerve 
are the chief requisites for a croquet player, and 
even without much nerve, a clear brain and a 
good knowledge of the rules and practices of the 
game will give the victory in a majority of the 



YOOABTJLAET. 



Booby. — Obsolete. Formerly used to desig- 
nate a ball that had not made the first bridge. 

Bridges or Arches. — The iron hoops or 
bows through which the balls pass. 

Note — A ball is under a bridge when, if the mal- 
let handle is placed across the piers of the bridge on 
each side it will touch the ball in both positions of 
the handle. 

Concussion. — The displacement of a ball by 
another driven against it by roquet, croquet, 
ricochet, or roquet-croquet, and not hit directly 
either by the mallet or by the playing ball. 

Croquet. — (Pronounced Cro'-kay.) The 
title of the game. 

The Croquet — Any ball having struck an- 
other, is taken up and placed in contact ^ith the 
ball it has struck. The player sets his foot upon 
his own ball, pressing firmly so as to hold it in 
place, and with a blow of his mallet, delivered 
upon his own ball, drives the other ball in what- 
ever direction he may desire. 



VOCABULARY. 21 



Dead Ball. — One that has made the grand 
round and hit the starting-post. 

Distanced. — A ball is distanced when at the 
termination of the game it has not tolled the 
turning-post. 

Down. — The course from the turning-post to 
the starting-post. 

A Flinch. — When in the croquet, the playing 
ball is driven from under foot by the blow of the 
mallet, it is called a flinch. 

Front of a Bridge. — The side from which 
the ball must proceed in running it, and with the 
central bridges is not constant, but is decided in 
each case by the course of the ball under con- 
sideration. 

Grand Bound. — A ball has made the grand 
round when it has run all the bridges and tolled 
the turning-post, and is then a rover. 

Plating Ball. — The ball struck with the 
mallet. 

Point. — A player makes a point by running 
a bridge or tolling a post, or by roqueting a ball 
that he has not previously roqueted during the 



22 CROQUET. 



tour sioce making a step — or in other words, by 
roqueting a ball under sucb circumstances as 
would entitle bim to the privilege of the croquet. 

Position. — A ball is in position when it lies 
in front of its proper bridges with a possibility of 
running it by a single blow of the mallet. 

Proper Bridge. — A bridge which it is a 
player's turn to run next in order, is said to be 
that player's bridge or his proper bridge. 

Push. — A stroke in which the mallet remains 
in contact with the ball after the instant of contact. 

RicocnET. — (Kick''-o-shay.) A ball making 
roquet on two or more balls by the same blow of 
the mallet. 

Roquet. — (Ro'-kay.) A ball makes roquet 
on another ball when proceeding from a blow of 
the mallet, it comes in contact with it, either di- 
rectly or by rebounding from a fixed obstacle in 
the ground or from another ball. 

Some writers define the roquet as the contact of the 
playing ball with another ball under such circum- 
stances as to constitute a point. This is merely a 
matter of choice regarding the facility of defining the 
other operations of tlie game. We consider that our 
definition renders the whole matter much the more 
simple. 



VOCABULARY. 



23 



Roquet-Croquet. — The same as croquet, ex- 
cept that the playing ball is not held under the 
foot, but both balls are free to move in accordance 
with the blow of the mallet. 

A Rover. — A ball that has run all the bridges 
and has not hit the starting-post. 

Starting-Post. — The stake from which the 
play proceeds. 

A Step. — Running a bridge, or tolling the 
turning-post. 

Striking Out. — A ball struck against the 
starting-post after having run all the bridges in 
their proper order, is struck out and is out of the 
game. 

The Turning-Post. — The post opposite the 
«tar ting-post. 

Tolling the Turning-Post. — Striking the 
turning post in its proper order. 

Tour, Turn, or Tour of Play. — The con- 
tinued successful playing of any player is called 
his tour of play, and is terminated by his failure 
to play with success. 



APPENDIX. 



No absolute rule can be given for striking a ball. 
It certainly is the most easy, healthful and graceful 
style to hold the mallet in one hand and stand at the 
side of the ball. But as many persons have not suf- 
ficient strength in the wrist to deliver a strong blow 
accurately with one hand, it is not just to require 
such methods of play. Also, in the position of the 
body with reference to the ball, it is impossible to es- 
tablish any absolute rule ; but there is one style of 
stroke sometimes practiced by gentlemen that is both 
very awkward in itself and equally ungenerous to- 
wards the ladies, who cannot adopt it : We lefer to 
the practice of standing directly behind the ball, and 
striking by holding the mallet handle in a perpendic- 
ular position and swinging the mallet head between 
the feet. We trust that no person who has the least 
pride will require a rule to prevent the use of this 
abominable style of play. 

B 

A player may waive any privilege acquired, but 
can not waive a step that has been made. The cro- 
quet is a privilege consequent on the roquet ; running 
a bridge is a step in the game which, when made, can 
not be ignored. 

c 

This rule is based upon the principle that all ques- 
tions as to position can only be satisfactorily deter- 
mined when the ball is not in motion. In the case 
put it would frequently be impossible to decide 
whether the ball, when it began to roll back, was 
through or not. So also if a ball is driven from the 
rear through a bridge to position, and then rolls back 
throujih the bridge, it has not run the bridge; but if 
driven from the rear outside the bridge and then rolls 
through in course, it runs the bridge. 



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